English
Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated that the Prophet (ﷺ) said: “If a man sells a commodity and finds his commodity as it is with a person who has become bankrupt, and he has not received any of its price, then it belongs to him. But if he has received any part of its price, he is equal to the other creditors.” [Narrated by Ad-Daraqutni and Ibn Majah]
In its chain is Ibn ‘Ayyash, whom Ahmad deemed reliable, but it is mursal, and according to us, a mursal is a proof. At-Tahawi narrated something similar, and ‘Abdur-Razzaq narrated it as a connected narration.
Qur’an-related source paragraphs
And the saying of Allah, the Mighty and Sublime: And if someone is in hardship, then [let there be] postponement until [a time of] ease (Al-Baqarah: 280)
Possible references (unverified, pending editorial review)
- Candidate: Sunan Ibn Majah 2359 (unverified) 65% confidence
Confidence and text similarity are not editorial verification.
Commentary and footnotes (2)
Note 1
(1) The statement: “Equal to the creditors”: For this reason, it is said in the completion of Bahr Ar-Ra’iq: This means that if someone buys goods and becomes bankrupt while the goods are still in his possession, the seller of the goods is equal to the creditors in it. The intent is after the buyer takes possession of the goods with the seller’s permission. If it is before possession, the seller may withhold the goods until he receives the price. Likewise, if the buyer takes possession without the seller’s permission, the seller may reclaim and withhold it for the price. It is stated in Umdat Al-Qari: Ibrahim An-Nakha‘i, Al-Hasan Al-Basri, Ash-Sha‘bi in one narration, Waki‘ ibn Al-Jarrah, ‘Abdullah ibn Shubrumah—the judge of Kufa—Abu Hanifah, Abu Yusuf, Muhammad, and Zufar held that the seller of the commodity is equal to the creditors. It is authentically reported from ‘Umar ibn ‘Abdul-‘Aziz that if someone receives part of the price of his commodity and then the buyer becomes bankrupt, he is equal to the creditors. This is also the view of Az-Zuhri, and a similar view is narrated from ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib (may Allah be pleased with him). Ash-Shafi‘i, Malik, and Ahmad argued with what Bukhari and Muslim narrated from Abu Hurairah, who said: “If a man becomes bankrupt and someone finds his property as it is, he has more right to it than others.” They followed the apparent meaning of this hadith, stating that if a man becomes bankrupt and possesses goods he purchased, which remain as they are, the owner has more right to them than other creditors. At-Tahawi responded to this hadith, saying that it refers to someone finding his property as it is, but the sold item is not his actual property; it is only property that was his. His actual property refers to usurped items, borrowed items, deposits, and the like. That is his property as it is, so he has more right to it than other creditors. This hadith from the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) supports this, as does what is narrated from the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) in the hadith of Samurah, where he said: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: “If someone’s property is stolen or lost and he finds it as it is with someone, he has more right to it, and the buyer may seek the price from the seller.” Al-Tabarani also narrated it, clarifying that the hadith of Abu Hurairah refers to deposits, borrowed items, usurped items, and the like. The owner of the property has more right to it if he finds it as it is in someone’s possession, and the creditors have no share in it because it remains in his ownership. The hand of the usurper is one of transgression and injustice, as is the thief’s, unlike when it is sold and delivered to the buyer, as it then leaves the seller’s ownership, even if the price is not received. The seller here is no longer the owner of the property, as it has left his ownership, and the characteristic has changed as the essence has changed. Thus, the sold item is no longer his property, though it was his property initially.
Note 1
(۱)قوله: أسوة الغرماء: ولذلك قال في تكملة البحر الرائق: يعني لو اشترى متاعا فأفلس والمبتاع في يده، فالذي باعه المتاع أسوة الغرماء فيه مراده بعد قبض المشتري المتاع بإذن البائع، وإن كان قبل القبض فللبائع أن يحبس المتاع حتى يقبض الثمن، وكذا إذا قبضه بغير إذن البائع كان له أن يسترده ويحبسه بالثمن، انتهى. وقال في عمدة القاري: ذهب إبراهيم النخعي والحسن البصري والشعبي في رواية ووكيع بن الجراح وعبد الله بن شبرمة - قاضي الكوفة - وأبو حنيفة وأبو يوسف ومحمد وزفر إلى أن بائع السلعة أسوة للغرماء، وصح عن عمر بن عبد العزيز أن من اقتضى من ثمن سلعته شيئًا، ثم أفلس فهو والغرماء فيه سواء، وهو قول الزهري، وروي عن علي بن أبي طالب الله نحو ما ذهب إليه هؤلاء، واحتج الشافعي ومالك وأحمد بما أخرجه البخاري ومسلم عن أبي هريرة قال :أيها رجل أفلس فأدرك رجل ماله بعينه فهو أحق به من غيره، فإنهم ذهبوا إلى ظاهر هذا الحديث، وقالوا: إذا أفلس الرجل، وعنده متاع قد اشتراه، وهو قائم بعينه، فإن صاحبه أحق به من غيره من الغرماء، وأجاب الطحاوي عن هذا الحديث أن المذكور فيه فأدرك رجل ماله بعينه، والمبيع ليس هو عين ماله، وإنما هو عين مال قد كان له، وإنما ماله بعينه يقع على الغصوب والعواري والودائع وما أشبه ذلك، فذلك ماله بعينه فهو أحق به من سائر الغرماء، وفي ذلك جاء هذا الحديث عن رسول الله الله ، والذي يَدلُّ عليه ما روي عن رسول الله ﷺ في حديث سمرة فإنه قال: قال رسول الله ﷺ من سرق له متاع أو ضاع له متاع فوجد عند رجل بعينه فهو أحق به، ويرجع المشتري على البائع بالثمن. وأخرجه الطبراني أيضًا، فهذا يبين أن المراد من حديث أبي هريرة أنه على الودائع والعوري والغصوب ونحوها، وإن صاحب المتاع أحق به إذا وجده في يد رجل بعينه، وليس للغرماء فيه، نصيب؛ لأنه باق على ملكه؛ لأن يد الغاصب يد التعدي والظلم، وكذلك السارق، بخلاف ما إذا باعه وسلّمه إلى المشتري، فإنه يخرج عن ملكه، وإن لم يقبض الثمن، والبائع هنا خرج عن كونه صاحب المتاع؛ لأن المتاع خرج من ملكه، وتبدل الصفة هنا كتبدل الذات، فصار المبيع غير ماله، وقد كان عين ماله أولا.