English
Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) ruled regarding a fetus of a woman from Bani Lahyan that was miscarried dead, that a ghurrah (a male or female slave) is due. Then the woman for whom the ghurrah was ruled died, so the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) ruled that her inheritance goes to her sons and husband, and the blood money is upon her clan. [Agreed upon]
In a narration by Abu Dawud and Al-Nasa’i from Amr ibn Shu’ayb, from his father, from his grandfather (may Allah be pleased with him), he said: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: The blood money is an inheritance among the heirs of the deceased. And the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) ruled that the blood money of a woman is upon her clan, and the killer does not inherit anything.
Abu Dawud narrated in his Sunan from Al-Mughirah ibn Shu’bah (may Allah be pleased with him) that two women were under a man from Hudhayl. One of them struck the other with a tent pole, killing her and her fetus. They disputed before the Prophet (ﷺ), and one of the men said: How do we pay blood money for one who neither cried, ate, drank, nor made a sound? He (ﷺ) said: Is this the rhyming of the Bedouins? Then he ruled for a ghurrah and placed it upon the clan of the woman. Al-Tirmidhi narrated it and said: This is a hasan and sahih Hadith.
In a narration by Ibn Abi Shaybah from Jabir (may Allah be pleased with him), the Prophet (ﷺ) placed a ghurrah for the fetus upon his clan.
In an agreed-upon narration from Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him), he said: Two women from Hudhayl fought, and one threw a stone at the other, killing her and what was in her womb. They disputed before the Prophet (ﷺ), and he ruled that the blood money for her fetus is a ghurrah, a male or female slave, and that the blood money for the woman is upon her clan, and her inheritance goes to her children and those with them.
In a narration by Muslim from Al-Mughirah ibn Shu’bah, he said: A woman struck her co-wife with a tent pole while she was pregnant, killing her. One of them was from Lihyan. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) placed the blood money for the killed woman upon the clan of the killer and a ghurrah for what was in her womb.
Al-Bazzar narrated in his Musnad from Abdullah ibn Buraydah, from his father, that a woman threw a stone at another woman, and the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) ruled for her child five hundred and forbade throwing stones.
In a narration by Ibn Abi Shaybah from Zayd ibn Aslam, Umar ibn Al-Khattab valued the ghurrah at fifty dinars, each dinar being ten dirhams.
Abu Dawud narrated in his Sunan from Ibrahim Al-Nakha’i, who said: The ghurrah is five hundred, meaning dirhams. It is narrated from Muhammad, who said: It reached us that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) placed upon the clan a year, and they said: Muhammad’s reports are in the ruling of the attributed narrations.
Possible references (unverified, pending editorial review)
- Candidate: Sahih al-Bukhari 6740 (unverified) 96% confidence
- Candidate: Sahih Muslim 1681b (unverified) 88% confidence
Confidence and text similarity are not editorial verification.
Commentary and footnotes (3)
Note 1
(1) His statement: “Was miscarried dead”: This is a conditional state, for if he strikes a woman’s abdomen and she miscarries a dead fetus, a ghurrah is due. If she miscarries a live fetus that then dies, a full blood money is due. Ibn Al-Mundhir said: There is no disagreement among the scholars on this. The disagreement is that life is established by any sign of life, such as crying, suckling, breathing, sneezing, etc., which is our position and that of Al-Shafi’i and Ahmad. They say it is only established by crying. We say that any sign of life, like drinking milk, sneezing, or breathing, indicates life like crying. If a limb moves, it does not indicate life, as it could be a spasm or emerging from a tight space. If she miscarries a dead fetus and then the mother dies, he owes blood money for killing the mother and a ghurrah for the miscarriage. It is authentically reported that he (ﷺ) ruled for both the blood money and the ghurrah. If the mother dies from the strike and then the fetus emerges alive and dies, he owes blood money for the mother and blood money for the fetus, as he killed two persons. If she dies and then miscarries a dead fetus, he owes blood money for the mother and nothing for the fetus. Al-Shafi’i said: A ghurrah is due for the fetus, as it likely died from the strike, like if she miscarried a dead fetus while alive. We say: The mother’s death is one of the causes of its death, as it suffocates with her death, since its breath is like hers, so no liability is due with doubt. It is objected that doubt exists in both cases if she miscarries a dead fetus, as it could have died from the strike or not had the soul been breathed into it, yet liability is established. It is answered that the ghurrah in that case is established by text against analogy, as we mentioned, and this case is not analogous, as the doubt is from multiple angles: the soul not being breathed, death due to lack of nourishment, or death due to the mother’s death. Thus, it does not follow by analogy or indication, so it remains on the principle of no liability. The ghurrah is one-tenth of the blood money of a man if the fetus is male, and one-tenth of the blood money of a woman if female, each being five hundred dirhams, as in the narration of Ibn Abi Uyaynah, Al-Bazzar, and Abu Dawud, which is evidence against those who set it at six hundred, like Malik and Al-Shafi’i. It is upon the clan per our view, while Malik says it is upon the striker’s property, as it is compensation for a part, like cutting a finger, and the clan does not bear except compensation for life. We rely on that he (ﷺ) ruled for the ghurrah upon the clan, narrated by Abu Dawud and Al-Tirmidhi from Al-Mughirah ibn Shu’bah, and by Ibn Abi Shaybah from Jabir, and because it is for the life of the fetus, hence he (ﷺ) called it blood money when he said: Pay it. They said: Do we pay for one who did not cry or make a sound? The Hadith. Then, the ghurrah is obligatory upon the clan in one year per our view. Al-Shafi’i said: In three years, like other blood moneys for killing a person. We rely on what is narrated from Muhammad, who said: It reached us that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) placed upon the clan a year, as mentioned in (Al-Hidayah). Though he did not find its narrations, many scholars said that Muhammad’s reports are in the ruling of attributed narrations, as the blood money for the fetus has two similarities: it resembles life as it is alive with its own life, and resembles a limb as it is connected to the mother. We act upon the first similarity for inheritance and upon the second for deferment. Compensation for a limb, if one-tenth, is due in a year, so likewise this. The five hundred is the same for a male or female fetus per most scholars, due to the generality of the Hadith. (Al-Mirqat, Al-Hidayah, Al-Inayah, Al-Ta’liq al-Mumajjad, and commentaries on Al-Kanz, excerpted from them).
Note 1
(١)قوله: سقط ميتا: حال مقيدة؛ لأنه إذا ضرب بطن امرأة فألقت جنينًا ميتًا فيه غرة، وإن ألقت حيًّا ثم مات، ففيه دية كاملة. قال ابن المنذر: ولا خلاف في ذلك بين أهل العلم، وإنما الخلاف في أن حياته تثبت بكل ما يدل على الحياة منالاستهلال والرضاع والنفس والعطاس وغير ذلك، وهو مذهبنا، وقول الشافعي وأحمد لا يثبت إلا بالاستهلال. ولناأن كل ما علمت به حياته من شرب اللبن والعطاس والتنفس يدل على الحياة كالاستهلال، أما لو تحرَّك عضو منه فإنهلا يدل على حياته؛ لأن ذلك قد يكون من اختلاج أو خروج من مضيق، وإن ألقت ميتا ثم ماتت الأم، فعليه دية بقتلالأم وغرة بإلقائها. وقد صحَّ أنه عليه السلام قضى في هذا بالدية والغرة، وإن ماتت الأم من الضربة ثم خرج الجنين بعد ذلكحيًّا ثم مات، فعليه دية في الأم ودية في الجنين؛ لأنه قتل شخصين، وإن ماتت ثم ألقت ميتا، فعليه دية في الأم، ولاشيء في الجنين. وقال الشافعي : تجب الغرة في الجنين؛ لأن الظاهر موته بالضرب، فصار كما إذا ألقته ميتا، وهيحية. ولنا أن موت الأم أحد سبَبَيْ موتِه؛ لأنه يختنق بموتها؛ إذ نفسه كنفسها، فلا يجب الضمان بالشك.اعترض عليه بأن الشك ثابت فيهما إذا ألقت جنينا ميتا لاحتمال أن يكون الموت من الضرب، واحتمال أن لمينفخ فيه الروح ومع ذلك وجب الضمان، وهو أول ما ذكره في هذا الفعل. وأجيب بأن الغرة في تلك الصورة تثبتبالنص على خلاف القياس، كما ذكرنا، وليس ما نحن فيه في معناه؛ لأن فيه الاحتمال من وجه واحد، وفي ما نحن فيهمن وجوه، وهي احتمال عدم نفخ الروح، والموت بسبب انقطاع الغذاء، والموت بسبب موت الأم، فلا يلحق بذلك لا قياسا ولا دلالةً، فيبقى على أصل القياس، وهو عدم وجوب الضمان والمراد بالغرة نصف عُشر دية الرجُل لو كان الجنين ذَكرًا، وفي الأنثى عُشر دية المرأة، وكل منهما خمس مائة درهم؛ لما في رواية ابن أبي عيينة والبزار وأبي داود، وهو حجة على من قدرها ست مائة نحو مالكوالشافعي، وهيعلى العاقلة عندنا، وعند مالك في مال الضارب؛ لأنه بدل الجزء، فصار كقطع إصبع من أصابعه، والعاقلة لا تتحملإلا بدل النفس. ولنا أنه عليه السلام قضى بالغرة على العاقلة، رواه أبو داود والترمذي عن المغيرة بن شعبة، ورواه ابن أبيشيبة عن جابر، ولأنها تدل نفس الجنين، ولذا سمّاها عليه السلام دية حيث قال: (دُوْه) وقالو: أندي من لا صاح ولا استهل؟الحديث. ثم وجوب الغرة عندنا على العاقلة في سَنَة واحدة. وقال الشافعي: في ثلاث سنين كسائر ديات قتل النفس. ولناما روي عن محمد قال: بلغنا أن رسول الله ﷺ جعل على العاقلة سَنَة، ذكره في (الهداية)، وهو وإن لم يجده فخرجواأحاديثه، لكن قد ذكر جمع من المشايخ أن بلاغات محمد في حكم المسندة، وله وجه، وهو أن دية الجنين لهاشبهان: شبه بالنفس من حيث إنه حي لحياة نفسه، وشبه بالعضو من حيث إنه متصل بالأم، فعملنا بالشبه الأول فيحق التوريث، وبالثاني في حق التأجيل، وبدل العضو إذا كان نصف العشر يجب في سنة، فكذا هذا، ويستوي فيوجوب الخمس مائة في الجنين الذكر والأنثى عند عامة أهل العلم؛ لإطلاق الحديث. التقطته من (المرقاة)و (الهداية) و(العناية) و(التعليق الممجّد) وشروح (الكنز)
Note 1
محدثین نے کہا کہ امام محمد کے بلاغات مسند (مرفوع) روایتوں کے حکم میں ہیں۔