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Marriage · Chapter 5

Chapter on Prohibited Women

23 narrations · In source reading order

Hadith 3254a

Volume 2

English

Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them) narrated: Seven are prohibited by kinship, and seven by affinity, then he recited: Prohibited to you are your mothers [An-Nisa: 23], the verse. Narrated by Bukhari.

Qur’an-related source paragraphs

And the saying of Allah, the Mighty, the Exalted: And do not marry those whom your fathers married, except what has already passed. Indeed, it was an immorality and hateful and an evil way. Prohibited to you are your mothers, your daughters, your sisters, your paternal aunts, your maternal aunts, your brother’s daughters, your sister’s daughters, your mothers who nursed you, your sisters through nursing, your wives’ mothers, and your stepdaughters under your guardianship from your wives with whom you have consummated. But if you have not consummated with them, there is no blame on you. And the wives of your sons who are from your loins, and that you combine two sisters, except what has already passed. Indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful. And married women, except those your right hands possess. This is the decree of Allah upon you [An-Nisa: 22-24]. And His saying, the Exalted: Mothers shall breastfeed their children two complete years for whoever wishes to complete the nursing [Al-Baqarah: 233]. And His saying, the Exalted: And his gestation and weaning are thirty months [Al-Ahqaf: 15]. And His saying, the Exalted: If you know them to be believers, do not return them to the disbelievers. They are not lawful for them, nor are they lawful for them [Al-Mumtahanah: 10].

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Mishkat (candidate) 3161

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Commentary and footnotes (15)

Chapter-heading commentary

Those whom your fathers married, etc.

(1) The statement: "Those whom your fathers married, etc.": Marriage here means intercourse, meaning do not have intercourse with those your fathers had intercourse with. This indicates the prohibition of all women a father had intercourse with, whether by marriage, ownership, or adultery, as is our position and that of many exegetes, as in "Al-Madarak." According to Ash-Shafi‘i: A woman a father committed adultery with is not prohibited, as adultery is inherently reprehensible, so it cannot be a cause for lawful prohibition, which is a blessing, and a blessing is not attained by the prohibited. For us: Intercourse is a cause of partial kinship through the child, so it is attributed to each as complete, making her ascendants and descendants like his ascendants and descendants, and vice versa. Prohibited intercourse is a cause of the child, not as adultery. Similarly, the disagreement regarding a touched woman, one who touched, or one whose private part was looked at with desire is prohibited according to us, not according to him. For further verification, see "Al-Hidayah" and books of principles. The author of "At-Tawdih" said at the beginning of the book: An example of analogy derived from consensus is the analogy of prohibited intercourse to permissible intercourse in the prohibition of affinity, like the analogy of prohibiting the mother of an adulteress to prohibiting the mother of a slave woman he had intercourse with. The prohibition in the original case is established by consensus, with no text, but the text came regarding wives’ mothers without requiring intercourse. This is his statement, very beneficial, as in "Tafsir al-Ahmadiyyah."

Your mothers who nursed you, etc.

(2) The statement: "Your mothers who nursed you, etc.": In "Tafsir al-Ahmadiyyah": According to Ash-Shafi‘i, nursing prohibition is not established except with five sucklings, based on the saying of the Prophet (ﷺ): "One or two sucklings do not prohibit, nor one or two sips." According to us, it is established with one suckling if it occurs within the nursing period, due to the generality of the verse: Your mothers who nursed you without distinguishing between little or much, as mentioned in "Al-Hidayah" in the Chapter on Nursing. Malik agrees with Abu Hanifah, and Ahmad ibn Hanbal with Ash-Shafi‘i, as stated in "Al-Husayni." The complete discussion will come, God willing, in this chapter under An-Nasa’i’s Hadith, so refer to it, as it is valuable in its field.

That you combine two sisters, etc.

(3) The statement: "That you combine two sisters, etc.": In "Tafsir al-Ahmadiyyah": The text indicates prohibition of combining only two sisters, but scholars added to the Book with the well-known Hadith: "Do not marry a woman with her paternal or maternal aunt, nor with her brother’s or sister’s daughter," so they made combining these prohibited and established a rule: It is prohibited to combine two women like two sisters, such that if one were assumed male, the other would be unlawful to him, like a paternal aunt with her sister’s daughter. If the aunt were male, they would be a father and a brother’s daughter, prohibited in marriage. If the brother’s daughter were male, they would be an aunt and a nephew, prohibited in marriage, so combining them is prohibited for a man, as with two sisters, and so by analogy. This differs if it is from one side, like a woman and her husband’s daughter, as combining them is permissible, contrary to Zufar, as is known.

Except those your right hands possess, etc.

(4) The statement: "Except those your right hands possess, etc.": Its explanation will come in the Hadith of Awtaas.

Two complete years, etc.

(5) The statement: "Two complete years, etc.": There is a disagreement regarding the nursing period between the Hanafis, Abu Hanifah’s two companions, and Ash-Shafi‘i. Abu Hanifah held it is two and a half years, while his companions and Ash-Shafi‘i held it is two years only. Zufar said three years. Abu Hanifah relied on what will come in Surah Al-Ahqaf: And his gestation and weaning are thirty months [Al-Ahqaf: 15], and they relied on this verse. The sounder opinion is theirs, which is Al-Tahawi’s choice. The verse: For whoever wishes to complete the nursing [Al-Baqarah: 233] by consensus explains to whom the ruling applies or relates to shall breastfeed, meaning this ruling is for those who wish to complete the nursing, or they breastfeed for the sake of those who wish to complete it. Thus, it is known that the complete nursing period is two years, as Al-Baydawi said under this verse, which indicates that the maximum nursing period is two years, and it has no effect after that, and it may be less. Summarized from "Tafsir al-Ahmadiyyah" and "At-Ta‘liq al-Mumajjad."

And his gestation and weaning are thirty months

(6) The statement: "And his gestation and weaning are thirty months": Abu Hanifah held that the maximum nursing period is two and a half years. Its explanation, as in "Al-Hidayah": The verse thirty months informs about each of gestation and weaning, as if it said: The gestation period is thirty months, and the weaning period is thirty months, so the verse indicates the maximum of both periods. But since a reduction was found for the gestation period, based on Aishah’s saying: "By Allah, a child does not remain in the womb more than two years," and no reduction was found for the nursing period, Abu Hanifah ruled that the maximum gestation period is two years, and the weaning period is thirty months. Or gestation refers to carrying in arms, not in the womb. Abu Yusuf, Muhammad, and Ash-Shafi‘i held that the maximum nursing period is two years, as thirty months informs about the total of gestation and weaning, meaning their total is thirty months, so it is unclear which applies to each. The verse elsewhere: And his weaning is in two years [Luqman: 14] and Two complete years clarify that the weaning period is two years, and the remaining six months are the gestation period, as the minimum gestation period is that by consensus. Thus, this verse clarifies the minimum gestation period and the maximum nursing period. Al-Qadi said: Perhaps specifying the minimum gestation and maximum nursing is due to their regulation and the establishment of lineage and nursing rulings. This is his statement, taken from "Tafsir al-Ahmadiyyah" and "Al-Madarak." I say: Their opinion is supported by Ad-Daraqutni’s Hadith: "There is no nursing except what is in the two years."

They are not lawful for them, nor are they lawful for them

(7) The statement: "They are not lawful for them, nor are they lawful for them": Due to the separation between them by her becoming Muslim, as in "Al-Madarak," meaning due to the separation by the difference in abodes.

Chapter-heading commentary

قوله

(۱)قوله: ما نكح آبائكم إلخ المراد بالنكاح الوطء، يعني لا توطؤا ما وطئ آبائكم، ففيه دليل على تحريم موطوءة الأب كلها، سواء كان بنكاح أو بملك يمين أو بزني، كما هو مذهبنا، وعليه كثير من المفسرين، هكذا في «المدارك» ، وعند الشافعي: لا يحرم مزنية الأب؛ لأن الزنا قبيح بنفسه، فلا يصلح سببا المشروع، وهو حرمة المصاهرة؛ لأنها نعمة فلا تنال بالمحظور، ولنا أن الوطئ سبب الجزئية بواسطة الولد، حتى يضاف إلى كل واحد منهما كملا، فيصير أصولها وفروعها كأصوله وفروعه، وبالعكس. والوطئ محرم من حيث إنه سبب الولد لا من حيث إنه زنا وهكذا الختلاف في ممسوسة وماسة ومنظورة إلى فرجها بشهوة يحرم عندنا ولا يحرم عنده وإن شئت زيادة تحقيق فانظر إلى الهداية وكتب الأصول وقد قال صاحب التوضيح في أول الكتاب: إن نظير القياس المستنبط من الإجماع قياس الوطء الحرام على الوطء الحلال في حرمة المصاهرة كقياس حرمة أم المزنية على حرمة وطء أم أمته التي وطيها والحرمة في المقيس عليه ثابت إجماعا ولا نص فيه بل النص ورد في أمهات النساء من غير اشتراط الوطء هذا كلامه وهو نافع هذا جدا هكذا في التفسيرات الأحمدية.

قوله

(۲) قوله: أمهاتكم اللاتي أرضعنكم إلخ : قال في التفسيرات الأحمدية: إن عند الشافعي لم يثبت حرمة الرضاع إلا بخمسة رضعات لقوله عليه السلام: لا يحرم المصة والمصتان ولا الإملاجة ولا الإملاجتان وعندنا يثبت بمصة إذا حصل في مدة الرضاع لإطلاق قوله تعالى : أمهاتكم اللاتي أرضعنكم من غير فصل بين القليل والكثير هكذا ذكر في الهداية في باب الرضاع ومالك مع أبي حنيفة رحمه الله وأحمد بن حنبل مع الشافعي نص بذلك في الحسيني وسيأتي إن شاء الله تعالى تمام الكلام عليه في هذا الباب تحت حديث النسائي فلينظر ثمه فإنه نفيس في بابه.

قوله

(۳)قوله: أن تجمعوا بين الأختين إلخ: قال في التفسيرات الأحمدية ثم النص يقتضي الحرمة في جمع الأختين فقط والعلماء زادوا على الكتاب بالخبر المشهور وهو قوله عليه السلام: لا تنكحوا المرأة على عمتها ولا على خالتها ولا على ابنة أخيها ولا على ابنة أختها فجعلوا الجمع بين هؤلاء حراما وقرروا ضابطة وقالو بحرمة الجمع بين كل امرأتين مثل الأختين في أن أيتهما فرضت ذكرًا لم تحل له الأخرى، كالعمة مع بنت أختها، فإن العمة إذا فرضت ذكرا كانتا عما وبنت أخ، يحرم النكاح بينهما، وبت الأخ إذا فرضت ذكرًا كانتا عمة وابن أخ يحرم النكاح بينهما، فمحرم الجمع بينهما للرجل، كما أن الأختين كذلك، وهكذا القياس، بخلاف ما إذا كان ذلك من جانب واحد كالمرأة وبنت زوجها، فإنه يحل الجمع بينهما، خلافا لزفر، على ما عرف.

قوله

(٤)قوله : إلا ما ملك أيمانكم إلخ : سنذكر تفسيره في حديث الأوطاس.

قوله

(٥)قوله: حولين كاملين إلخ وفي تقدير مدة الرضاع خلاف بين إلي حنفية وبين صاحبيه والشافعي، فذهب أبو حنيفة إلى أنها حولان ونصف، وذهب صاحباه والشافعي إلى أنها حولان فقط، وعند زفر ثلاثة أحوال، وقد تمسك أبو حنيفة بما سيأتي في سورة الأحقاف من قوله تعالى: ﴿وَحَمْلُهُ وَفِصَالُهُ ثَلَاثُونَ شَهْرًا﴾ (الأحقاف: ١٥) وتمسكوا أيضًا بهذه الآية، والأصح قولهما، وهو مختار الطحاوي. وقوله تعالى: ﴿لِمَنْ أَرَادَ أَن يُتِمَّ الرَّضَاعَةَ﴾ (البقرة: ۲۳۳) فإنه بالاتفاق بيان لما توجه إليه الحكم أو متعلق بـ يُرْضِعْنَ ، أي هذا الحكم لمن أراد إتمام الرضاع أو يرضعن لأجل من أراد إتمام الرضاع أو يرضعن لأجل من أراد إتما الرضاع فعلم أن تمام مدة الرضاع حولان فقط كما قال صاحب البيضاوي تحت هذا القول وهو دليل على أن أقصى مدة الرضاع حولان ولا عبرة به بعدهما وإنه يجوز أن ينقص عنه. ملخص من التفسيرات الأحمدية والتعليق الممجد.

قوله

(٦) قوله : وحمله وفصاله ثلاثون شهرا: ذهب أبو حنيفة رحمه الله إلى أن أكثر مدة الرضاع حولان ونصف حول، وبيانه على ما في الداية أن قوله تعالى ثلاثون شهرا خبر عن كل واحد من الحمل والفصال فكأنه قيل: مدة الحمل ثلاثون شهرا ومدة الفصال ثلاثون شهرا، فكانت الآية لبيان أكثر كلتا المدتين لكن لما وجد المنقص لمدة الحمل، وهو قول عائشة : والله لا يبقي الولد في البطن أكثر من سنتين، ولم يوجد في حق مدة الرضاع حكم أبي حنيفة بأن أكثر مدة الحمل سنتان، ومدة الفصال ثلاثون شهرا، أو الحمل الحمل على الأيدي لا الحمل في البطن وأما أبو يوسف ومحمد والشافعي فذهبوا إلى أن أكثر مدة الرضاع سنتان؛ لأن قوله تعالى: {ثَلٰثُونَ شَهْرًا} خبر عن مجموع الحمل والفصال، يعني أن مجموع الحمل والفصال ثلاثون شهرًا ، فاشتبه تعيين المقدار في حق كل منهما، وكان قوله تعالى في موضع آخر : {وَفِصَالُهُ فِي عَامَيْنِ}(لقمان: (١٤) وقوله تعالى: ﴿حَوْلَيْنِ كَامِلَيْنِ} بيانا؛ لأن مدة الفصال سنتان، والباقي وهو ستة أشهر يكون مدة الحمل؛ لأن أقل مدة الحمل ذلك بالاتفاق، فكان هذه الآية بيانا لأقل مدة الحمل وأكثر مدة الرضاع، وقال القاضي: ولعل تخصيص أقل الحمل وأكثر الرضاع الانضباطهما، وتحقق ارتباط حكم النسب والرضاع بهما، هذا لفظه، ملتقط من التفسيرات الأحمدية» و«المدارك». قلت: ويؤيد قولهما حديث الدارقطني لا رضاع إلا ما كان في الحولين.

قوله

(٧)قوله : لا من حل لهم ولا هم يحلون لهن: لوقوع الفرقة بينهما بخروجها مسلمة. قاله في «المدارك»، يعني لوقوع الفرقة باختلاف الدارين.

Note 1

ف: واضح ہو کہ نسب سے جو سات عورتیں حرام ہیں یہ ہیں ماں، بیٹی، بہن، پھوپھی، خالہ، بھتیجی اور بھانجی اور سسرالی رشتہ کی وجہ سے جو سات عورتیں حرام ہیں وہ یہ ہیں۔ سسرالی رشتہ کی وجہ سے چار عورتیں ابدی حرام ہیں وہ یہ ہیں: (1) ساس اور ساس کی ماں، نانی، یا دادی وغیرہ (2) بہو بیٹے کی ہو یا پوتے کی نیچے تک (3) علاتی ماں اور علاتی دادی اوپر تک (4) سوتیلی بیٹیاں جن کی ماؤں سے صحبت ہوچکی ہے۔ اور تین ایسی عورتیں ہیں جو سسرالی رشتہ کی وجہ سے موقتی طور پر حرام ہیں، وہ یہ ہیں: بیوی کی موجودگی میں اس کی بہن، اس کی پھوپھی اور اس کی خالہ کا جمع کرنا۔

Hadith 3255a

Volume 2

English

Amr ibn Shu‘ayb, from his father, from his grandfather, narrated that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "If a man marries a woman and consummates with her, it is not lawful for him to marry her daughter. If he does not consummate with her, he may marry her daughter. If a man marries a woman, it is not lawful for him to marry her mother, whether he consummated with her or not." Narrated by Tirmidhi.
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Hadith 3256a

Volume 2

English

Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "A woman and her paternal aunt or a woman and her maternal aunt are not combined." Agreed upon.
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Hadith 3257a

Volume 2

English

Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) prohibited marrying a woman over her paternal aunt, or the paternal aunt over her brother’s daughter, or a woman over her maternal aunt, or the maternal aunt over her sister’s daughter. The younger is not married over the elder, nor the elder over the younger. Narrated by Tirmidhi, Abu Dawud, Ad-Darimi, and An-Nasa’i, whose narration stops at "her sister’s daughter."
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Hadith 3258a

Volume 2

English

Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "What is prohibited by nursing is prohibited by birth." Agreed upon.
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Hadith 3259a

Volume 2

English

Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: He said: "O Messenger of Allah, do you desire your cousin Hamzah’s daughter, as she is the most beautiful girl in Quraysh?" He said to him: "Do you not know that Hamzah is my brother through nursing? Indeed, Allah has prohibited through nursing what He prohibited through kinship." Narrated by Muslim.
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Hadith 3260a

Volume 2

English

Qatadah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: We wrote to Ibrahim ibn Yazid an-Nakha‘i asking about nursing, and he wrote that Shurayh informed us that Ali and Ibn Mas‘ud used to say: Little or much nursing prohibits 1. Narrated by An-Nasa’i. Imam Abu Hanifah narrated from Ali ibn Abi Talib that the Prophet (ﷺ) said: "What is prohibited by nursing is prohibited by kinship, little or much." So narrated Imam Abu Yusuf from him. Abu Bakr ar-Razi narrated from Ibn Abbas that he said: His saying: "One or two sucklings do not prohibit" was so, but today, one suckling prohibits. Tirmidhi said: Some scholars among the Prophet’s Companions and others said: Little or much nursing prohibits if it reaches the stomach, which is the opinion of Sufyan ath-Thawri, Malik ibn Anas, Al-Awza‘i, Abdullah ibn al-Mubarak, Waki‘, and the people of Kufa.
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Commentary and footnotes (3)

Note 1

Little or much nursing prohibits

(1) The statement: "Little or much nursing prohibits": An-Nawawi said in "Sharh Muslim": Aishah, Ash-Shafi‘i, and his companions said it is not established with less than five sucklings. The majority of scholars said it is established with one suckling, as narrated by Ibn al-Mundhir from Ali, Ibn Mas‘ud, Ibn Umar, Ibn Abbas, Ata, Tawus, Ibn al-Musayyib, Al-Hasan, Makhul, Az-Zuhri, Qatadah, Al-Hakam, Hammad, Malik, Al-Awza‘i, Ath-Thawri, and Abu Hanifah. Know that our position is what these authentic narrations indicate and the verse: Your mothers who nursed you [An-Nisa: 23], that little or much nursing is equal in prohibition, as the concept of nursing is realized with the least suckling if it reaches the stomach. Adding to it by a single report, especially one that is neither a Hadith nor Qur’an, which is five sucklings based on Aishah’s narration, as chosen by Ash-Shafi‘i, is an addition to the Book, so it is not permissible. Our position is narrated from Ali ibn Abi Talib, Ibn Mas‘ud, Ibn Umar, Ibn Abbas, Al-Hasan al-Basri, Sa‘id ibn al-Musayyib, Tawus, Ata, Makhul, Az-Zuhri, Qatadah, Amr ibn Dinar, Al-Hakam, Hammad, Al-Awza‘i, Ath-Thawri, Waki‘, Abdullah ibn al-Mubarak, Al-Layth ibn Sa‘d, and Mujahid. Shaykh Abu Bakr ar-Razi added Umar ibn al-Khattab, Ash-Sha‘bi, and An-Nakha‘i. Ibn al-Mundhir said: It is the opinion of most jurists, as in "Al-Binayah" by Al-‘Ayni. Muhammad narrated in "Al-Muwatta" the narrations of Sa‘id ibn al-Musayyib, Urwah ibn az-Zubayr, and Ibn Abbas on prohibiting one suckling. The opponents’ arguments are answered by the Book being stronger, and that Abu Bakr ar-Razi narrated from Ibn Abbas that he said: His saying: "One or two sucklings do not prohibit" was so, but today, one suckling prohibits. Thus, Aishah’s Hadith: "One or two sucklings do not prohibit" is either abandoned due to the generality of the Book, which is Your mothers who nursed you [An-Nisa: 23], or abrogated. Aishah’s Hadiths are inconsistent, so we revert to the Book. The Hadith of one or two sips is not authentic due to its inconsistency. The Hadith of five sucklings from Aishah is weak, as it leads to the Rafidi position of abandoning much of the Qur’an by the Companions, and because an abrogated recitation requires evidence for the ruling’s continuation. It is surprising that the Shafi‘is do not act on Ibn Mas‘ud’s reading in the expiation fast, but act on Aishah’s narration, while the Qur’an is not established by a single report, and acting on an irregular reading is not permissible. Summarized from "Tansiq an-Nizam." In "Al-Kawkab ad-Durri": It was revealed initially Your mothers who nursed you [An-Nisa: 23] as ten known sucklings, then abrogated by five known sucklings. Then the Prophet (ﷺ) said: "One or two sucklings do not prohibit," then this was abrogated by the generality of Your mothers who nursed you [An-Nisa: 23]. But this second abrogation did not reach Aishah, and she thought the matter remained as such, so she said: The Prophet (ﷺ) passed away, and the matter was as such. The evidence for our position is the famous, widely transmitted readings attributed to the seven readers; if the matter were as such at his death, the reading would be so. The claim that the recitation was abrogated but the ruling remained is a mere possibility requiring evidence.

Note 1

قوله

(۱)قوله: يحرم من الرضاع قليله وكثيره: وقال النووي في شرح مسلم : فقالت عائشة والشافعي وأصحابه: لا يثبت بأقل من خمس رضعات، وقال جمهور العلماء يثبت برضعة واحدة، حكاه ابن المنذر عن علي وابن مسعود وابن عمر و ابن عباس وعطاء وطاوس وابن المسيب والحسن ومكحول والزهري وقتادة والحكم وحماد ومالك والأوزاعي والثوري وأبي حنيفة ، انتهى. واعلم أن مذهبنا هو ما يفيده هذه الروايات الصحيحة وقوله تعالى: ﴿وَأُمَّهَتُكُمْ الَّتِي أَرْضَعْنَكُمْ (النساء: (۲۳) من أن قليل الرضاعة وكثيرها سواء في التحريم، فإن مسمى الرضاعة يتحقق بأدنى شيء من المص إذا وصل إلى جوفه، والزيادة عليه بخبر الواحد لا سيما بما لم يكن خبرا، ولا قرآنا، وهو خمس رضعات بناء على رواية عائشة، كما اختاره الشافعي زيادة على الكتاب، فلا يجوز، ومذهبنا مروي عن علي بن أبي طالب وابن مسعود وابن عمر و ابن عباس و به قال الحسن البصري وسعيد بن المسيب وطاوس وعطاء ومكحول والزهري وقتادة وعمرو بن دينار والحكم وحماد والأوزاعي والثوري ووكيع وعبد الله بن المبارك والليث بن سعد ومجاهد، وزاد الشيخ أبو بكر الرازي عمر بن الخطاب والشعبي والنخعي وقال ابن المنذر : وهو قول أكثر الفقهاء. كذا في «البناية» للعيني، وقد أخرج محمد في الموطأ» آثار سعيد بن المسيب وعروة بن الزبير وابن عباس في تحريم مصة واحدة، وأجيب عن وجوه المخالفين بأن العمل بالكتاب أقوى، وبأنه حكى أبو بكر الرازي عن ابن عباس أنه قال: قوله: لا تحرم الرضعة والرضعتان كان ذلك فأم اليوم، فالرضعة الواحدة تحرم فحديث عائشة: لا تحرم المصة ولا المصتان إما متروك بإطلاق الكتاب، وهو قوله تعالى: ﴿وَأُمَّهَاتُكُمُ الَّتِي أَرْضَعْنَكُمْ﴾ (النساء: ۲۳)، أو منسوخ، وبأن أحاديث عائشة مضطربة، فوجب الرجوع إلى الكتاب، وبأن حديث الإملاجة والإملاجتين غير صحيحلاضطرابه. وحديث خمس رضعات عن عائشة ضعيف؛ لأنه يؤدي إلى مذهب الروافض في ترك كثير من القرآن عن الصحابة، ولأن منسوخ التلاوة يحتاج إلى دليل في بقاء الحكم، وقيل: عجب من الشافعية لا يعملون بقراءة ابن مسعود في صوم الكفارة، ويعملون براوية عائشة، والقرآن لا يثبت بخبر الواحد والعمل بالقراءة الشاذة لا يجوز، ملخص من تنسيق النظام، وقال في الكوكب الدري»: قد كان نزل في أول الأمر وَأُمَّهَاتُكُمُ الَّتِي أَرْضَعْنَكُمْ) (النساء: (۲۳) عشر رمضعات معلومات ثم نسخ بقوله تعالى: «خمس رضعات معلومات وحينئذ قال النبي ﷺ: لا تحرم المصة ولا المصتان، ثم نسخ ذلك بإطلاق قوله تعالى: ﴿وَأُمَّهَتُكُمُ الَّتِي أَرْضَعْنَكُمْ﴾ (النساء : ٢٣) إلا أن هذا النسخ الثاني لم يبلغ عائشة ، وكانت تعلم أن الأمر باقي على ذلك، ولذلك قالت: توفي النبي ﷺ والأمر على ذلك، والدليل على مقالتنا القراءات المشهورة والمتواترة المنسوبة إلى القراءة السبعة؛ إذ لو كان الأمر عند وفاته على ذلك، لكانت القراءة كذلك، والقول بأن المنسوخ تعله اللفظ دون الحكم مجرد احتمال لا بد له من دليل.

Note 1

اور امام عبداللہ بن المبارک اور امام وکیع اور دیگر فقہاء اہل کوفہ ان سب حضرات کا یہی قول ہے کہ دودھ تھوڑا پیا جائے کہ بہت رشتہ کو حرام کرتا ہے۔12

Hadith 3261a

Volume 2

English

Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) narrated that the Prophet (peace be upon him) came to see her while a man was with her. He appeared displeased by this, so she said, “He is my brother.” He replied, “Be careful about who you regard as your brothers, for breastfeeding that establishes kinship is that which satisfies hunger”. 1 In a narration by Abu Dawud Tayalisi, Jabir narrated that the Prophet (peace be upon him) said, “There is no breastfeeding that establishes kinship after weaning.”

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Commentary and footnotes (2)

Note 1

For breastfeeding that establishes kinship is that which satisfies hunger

Regarding the statement, “For breastfeeding that establishes kinship is that which satisfies hunger”, the meaning is that breastfeeding recognised by Islamic law is that which satisfies the infant’s hunger and serves as nourishment in place of food. This occurs during early childhood. It therefore indicates that breastfeeding does not establish this prohibition in later life, once a child has reached an age at which milk no longer satisfies his hunger and he can only be satisfied by bread and similar foods. In such a case, the prohibition does not apply. This is stated in Mirqah. For this reason, al-Hidayah states that once the period of breastfeeding has passed, no prohibition arises through breastfeeding. Among the supporting reports mentioned in Umdat al-Qari is the Hadith of Ibn Masud: “There is no breastfeeding that establishes kinship except that which strengthens the bones and produces flesh.” Abu Dawud recorded it as a statement attributed to the Prophet and also as a statement attributed to a Companion. Another supporting report is the Hadith of Umm Salamah: “Breastfeeding establishes prohibition only when it affects the intestines.” Tirmidhi recorded it and graded it authentic. It may be argued from this that a single feed does not establish prohibition, because it does not satisfy hunger. Some specification would therefore be required, and the most appropriate specification would be that established by Islamic law: five feeds. We respond that all of this adds a restriction to the unrestricted wording of the text, which does not specify a number. Adding a restriction to an unrestricted text amounts to abrogation, and this is impermissible. The same answer applies to every Hadith that specifies a number, such as the Hadith of Aishah in which the Prophet (peace be upon him) said, “One suck or two sucks do not establish prohibition.” In another narration from her, recorded by Nasa’i, he said, “One brief suck or two brief sucks do not establish prohibition.”

Note 1

قوله

(۱)قوله: فإنما الرضاعة من المجاعة: يريد أن الرضاعة المعتد بها في الشرع ما يسد الجوعة ويقوم من الرضيع مقام الطعام، وذلك أن يكون في الصغر، فدل على أنها لا تؤثر في الكبر بعد بلوغ الصبي حدا لا يسد اللبن جوعته، ولا يشبعه إلا لخبز وما في معناه، فلا يثبت به الحرمة. كذا في المرقاة» لذلك قال في «الهداية»: وإذا مضت مدة الرضاع لم يتعلق بالرضاع تحريم، وقال في عمدة القاري: ومن شواهده حدیث ابن مسعود لا رضاع إلا ما شد العظم وأنبت اللحم، وأخرجه أبو داود مرفوعا وموقوفا، وحديث أم سلمة لا يحرم من الرضاع إلا ما فتق الأمعاء، أخرجه الترمذي وصححه، ويمكن أن يتستدل به على أن الرضعة الواحدة لا تحرم؛ لأنها لا تغني من جوع فإذَنْ يحتاج إلى تقدير، فأولى ما يؤخذ به ما قدرته الشريعة، وهو خمس رضعات، قلنا: هذا كله زيادة على مطلق النص؛ لأن النص غير مقيد بالعدد، والزيادة على النص نسخ فلا يجوز، وكذلك الجواب عن كل حديث فيه عدد مثل حديث عائشة عن النبي ﷺ قال: لا تحرم المصة ولا المصتان، وفي رواية النسائي عنها لا تحرم الخطفة والخطفتان.

Hadith 3262a

Volume 2

English

Umm Salamah (may Allah be pleased with her) narrated that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said, “Breastfeeding establishes prohibition only when it nourishes the intestines 1 during infancy and occurs before weaning”. Tirmidhi said that most scholars among the Companions of the Prophet (peace be upon him) and others acted according to this principle: breastfeeding establishes prohibition only when it occurs before the completion of two years. Breastfeeding after two full years does not establish any prohibition.

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Commentary and footnotes (2)

Note 1

Breastfeeding establishes prohibition only when it nourishes the intestines

Regarding the statement, “Breastfeeding establishes prohibition only when it nourishes the intestines”, al-Hidayah states that weaning before the prescribed period is not taken into consideration. Thus, if a child is weaned before that period and is then breastfed again within it, the prohibition is established according to the apparent position of the narrations. The wording “at the breast” refers to drinking milk directly from it. On this interpretation, the phrase “before weaning” serves as emphasis. However, according to one narration from Abu Hanifah, if a child is weaned before the prescribed period and becomes able to manage without milk, the prohibition is not established even if he is breastfed again within that period. In this interpretation, the phrase “before weaning” serves to exclude such a case. For example, if weaning takes place after one year and the child becomes accustomed to other food, drinking a woman's milk thereafter does not establish the prohibition of breastfeeding. Accordingly, the Hadith means that breastfeeding establishes prohibition when the milk nourishes the intestines, that is, when it serves as nourishment, and when it occurs during the period of nursing. It is also said that this means before weaning. If the milk is consumed outside the nursing period, such as after the completion of two years, the prohibition is not established. Likewise, if a child drinks directly from the breast during the first two years but has already been weaned, the prohibition is not established. The conclusion is that the determining factor is nourishment through breastfeeding before weaning, whether weaning occurs within the first two years or afterwards. This is the narration of Hasan from the Imam. Ibn al-Humam stated in Waqiat al-Natifi that the fatwa follows the apparent position of the narrations. This means that the preferred and more authoritative ruling is that breastfeeding establishes prohibition even after weaning, provided that it occurs within the prescribed breastfeeding period. This account is excerpted from Mirqah and al-Kawkab al-Durri.

Note 1

قوله

(۱)قوله : لا يحرم من الرضاع إلخ في الهداية»: ولا يعتبر الفطام قبل المدة حتى لو فطم قبل المدة، ثم أرضع فيها ثبت التحريم في ظاهر الرواية. وقوله: «في الثدي الشرب منها وعلى هذا فقوله: قبل الفطام تأكيد، إلا في رواية عن أبي حنيفة أنه إذا فطم قبل المدة وصار بحيث يكتفي بغير اللبن: لا تثبت الحرمة إذا رضع فيها، فيكون قبل الفطام احترازا؛ فإن الفطام إذا تحقق بعد حول مثلا، واعتاد الصبي التغذي بغذاء آخر فحينئذ لو شرب لبن امرأة لا يثبت الرضاع. فالحاصل على هذا من ألفاظ الحديث: أن الرضاع ما فتق الأمعاء أي صار غذاء، وكان أيام الثدي، وقيل: لفطام، فلو كان الشرب في غير أيام الثدي، كما إذا شرب بعد الحوليين لا يثبت حرمة الرضاع، وكذلك إذا شرب في أيام الشرب من الثدي، أي في الحولين إلا أنه فطم قبل ذلك لا يثبت حرمة الرضاع. والحاصل: إن العبرة للتغذي قبل الفطام، سواء كان الفطام في الحولين قبل تقضيهما أو بعدهما، وهذه رواية الحسن عن الإمام. قال ابن الهمام: وفي واقعات الناطفي»: الفتوى على ظاهر الرواية، يعني الأصح المختار الفتوى تعلّق التحريم بالرضاع، ولو بعد الفطام إذا لم يكن بعد مدة الرضاع. ملتقط من المرقاة» و«الكوكب الدري».

Hadith 3263a

Volume 2

English

Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said, “Breastfeeding that establishes prohibition is only that which occurs within the first two years”. 1 Daraqutni said that no one besides Haytham ibn Jamil transmitted this report from Ibn Uyaynah with an uninterrupted chain. He was, however, trustworthy and a reliable memoriser.

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Commentary and footnotes (2)

Note 1

Breastfeeding that establishes prohibition is only that which occurs within the first two years

Regarding the statement, “Breastfeeding that establishes prohibition is only that which occurs within the first two years”, according to Abu Hanifah (may Allah have mercy on him), the breastfeeding period is thirty months, whereas his two companions held that it is two years. This is also the position of Shafi‘i, Malik and Ahmad. The position of the two companions is more correct and is supported by Tashih al-Quduri. It was also preferred by Tahaawi, as mentioned in al-Hidayah, al-Durr al-Mukhtar and al-Ta‘liq al-Mumajjad. This information has been excerpted from these works.

Note 1

قوله

(۱)قوله : لا رضاع إلا ما كان في الحولين: فمدة الرضاع ثلاثون شهرًا عند أبي حنيفة الله، وقالا : سنتان. وهو قول الشافعي ومالك وأحمد ، الأصح قولهما تؤيدها كما في تصحيح القدوري»، وهو مختار الطحاوي، «الهدية» و«الدر المختار» و «التعليق الممجد» ملتقط منها.

Hadith 3264a

Volume 2

English

Ikramah ibn Khalid narrated that a case was brought before Umar ibn al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) concerning a woman who testified that she had breastfed a man and his wife. Umar said, “No, not unless two men or one man and two women testify”. 1

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[Narrated by Bayhaqi in al-Sunan and by Sa‘id ibn Mansur]

Commentary and footnotes (2)

Note 1

No, not unless two men or one man and two women testify

Regarding the statement, “No, not unless two men or one man and two women testify”, in connection with these reports mentioned in the book, Fath al-Qadir states that, according to our school, the testimony of women alone, without men, is not accepted in matters of breastfeeding. The matter is established by the testimony of two men or one man and two women. It is reported that Ahmad, Ishaq and Shafi‘i accepted the testimony of four women. However, what is stated in their books is that the matter is established by the testimony of two women. Malik held that it is established by the testimony of one woman, provided that she is known for her uprightness. He relied on the Hadith of Uqbah ibn al-Harith recorded in the two authentic collections. Uqbah had married Umm Yahya, daughter of Abu Ihab, when a black enslaved woman came and said, “I breastfed both of you.” He mentioned this to the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him), who turned away. When Uqbah moved aside and mentioned it to him again, the Prophet (peace be upon him) said, “How can you continue when she claims that she breastfed both of you?” We respond that the incident involving Uqbah ibn al-Harith concerned precaution. Is it not evident that the Prophet (peace be upon him) turned away from him the first time, and, according to one account, also the second time, and only said this to him on the third occasion? Had the legal ruling required separation merely on the basis of this woman's statement, the Prophet (peace be upon him) would have answered him at the outset. Turning away may cause a questioner to abandon the matter and not ask again, which would amount to tacit approval of his action. It is therefore apparent that the Prophet (peace be upon him) said this because Uqbah's own heart had become uneasy upon hearing her report, not because it constituted a binding legal judgement. This is the conclusion of the verifying scholar, excerpted here.

Note 1

قوله

(۱)قوله : لا حتى يشهد رجلان أو رجل وامرأتان ولهذه الآثار المذكورة في الكتاب» قال في «فتح القدير»: ولا يقبل في الرضاع عندنا شهادة النساء منفردات أي عن الرجال، وإنما يثبت بشهادة رجلين أو رجل وامرأتين. ونقل عن أحمد وإسحاق والشافعي بأربع نسوة، والذي في كتبهم إنما يثبت بشهادة امرأتين، وقال مالك: يثبت بشهادة امرأة واحدة إن كانت موصوفة بالعدالة؛ لحديث عقبة بن الحارث في الصحيحين: أنه تزوج أم يحيى بنت أبي إهاب، فجاءت أمة سوداء، فقالت: قد أرضعتكما، قال: فذكرت ذلك رسول الله ، قال : فأعرض حتى تنحيت، فذكرت ذلك له، قال: وكيف وقد زعمت أن قد أرضعتكما. وقلنا: حديث عقبة بن الحارث كان للتورع. ألا يرى أنه أعرض عنه في المرة الأولى، وقيل في الثانية أيضًا، وإنما قال له ذلك في الثالثة، ولو كان حكم ذلك الإخبار وجوب التفريق لأجابه من أول الأمر؛ إذ الإعراض قد يترتب عليه ترك السائل المسألة بعد ذلك ففيه تقرير على الم فعلم أنه قال له ذلك فالظهر اطمئنان نفسه بخبرها، لا من باب الحكم تم كلام المحقق ملتقطا.

Hadith 3265a

Volume 2

English

Zayd ibn Aslam narrated that Umar ibn al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) did not accept the testimony of a woman in a matter of breastfeeding.

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Hadith 3266a

Volume 2

English

Zayd ibn Aslam narrated that a man and his wife came to Umar ibn al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him). A woman also came and said, “I breastfed both of them.” Umar refused to accept her statement and said to the man, “Keep your wife”.

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Hadith 3267a

Volume 2

English

Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) narrated: My foster uncle came and sought permission to enter my presence, but I refused to grant him permission until I had asked the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him). When the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) came, I asked him, and he said, “He is your uncle, so allow him to enter.” I said, “O Messenger of Allah, it was a woman who breastfed me, not a man.” The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) replied, “He is your uncle, so let him enter your presence.” Aishah added that this occurred after the command of veiling had been revealed.

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Hadith 3268a

Volume 2

English

Hajjaj ibn Hajjaj Aslami narrated from his father (may Allah be pleased with him) that he said, “O Messenger of Allah, what will remove from me the blame associated with breastfeeding?” 1 He replied, “A young male or female enslaved person”. 2

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Commentary and footnotes (4)

Note 1

What will remove from me the blame associated with breastfeeding?

Regarding the question, “What will remove from me the blame associated with breastfeeding?”, the meaning is: What can discharge my obligation towards the woman who breastfed the child, so that by fulfilling it I have fully discharged her right? The Arabs considered it commendable to give the wet nurse something in addition to her wages when the nursing relationship ended. This is what the question refers to, as stated in Mirqah.

Note 2

A young male or female enslaved person

Regarding the reply, “A young male or female enslaved person”, Nayl al-Awtar states that this Hadith has been used as evidence for the recommendation of giving a gift to the wet nurse when the child is weaned.

Note 1

قوله

(۱)قوله: ما يذهب عني مذمة الرضاع والمعنى أي شيء يسقط عني حق الإرضاع حتى أكون بأدائه مؤديا حق المرضعة بكماله، وكانت العرب يستحبون أن يرضحوا للظئر بشيء سوى الأجرة عند انفصال وهو المسؤول عنه. قاله «المرقاة».

Note 2

قوله

(۲) قوله : فقال: غرة عبد أو أمة وقال في نيل الأوطار»، وقد استدل به على استحباب العطية للمرضعة عند الطعام.

Hadith 3269a

Volume 2

English

Abu al-Tufayl Ghanawi narrated: I was sitting with the Prophet (peace be upon him) when a woman approached. The Prophet (peace be upon him) spread his cloak for her to sit on. When she had left, those present said, “This woman breastfed the Prophet (peace be upon him)”.

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Hadith 3270a

Volume 2

English

Abu Sa‘id al-Khudri (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated that, on the day of Hunayn, the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) sent an army to Awtas. They encountered the enemy, fought them and defeated them, taking some of their women captive. Some of the Companions of the Prophet (peace be upon him) felt uneasy about having relations with these women because their husbands were polytheists. Thereupon, Allah Almighty revealed concerning this matter: “And (also forbidden to you are) married women, except those whom your right hands possess”. (al-Nisa 4:24) That is, they became lawful for them 1 once their waiting period had ended.

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Commentary and footnotes (2)

Note 1

That is, they became lawful for them

Regarding the statement, “That is, they became lawful for them”, this Hadith is cited as evidence that captive women are lawful, whether they were previously married or unmarried. As far as I know, there is no disagreement on this point, provided that the legally prescribed waiting period has elapsed. This is stated in Nayl al-Awtar. In al-Tafsirāt al-Ahmadiyyah, the meaning is explained as follows: Married women are forbidden to you for as long as they remain married, except those whom your right hands possess. This does not mean that a woman who is enslaved becomes lawful for her owner even while she remains married to another man—Allah forbid. Rather, the intended meaning is that all married women are forbidden to you except those who come into your possession because they have been taken from enemy territory without their husbands. Such women become lawful for you even if their husbands remain in enemy territory, because the separation of the two territories causes the marriage bond to be dissolved. They therefore become lawful to the captor through ownership after the required waiting period to establish that they are not pregnant. This is stated in Madarik. This interpretation is supported by the account of the occasion of revelation mentioned in al-Husayni and other works. Abu Sa‘id al-Khudri said, “One day, we captured many women, and they had husbands. We disliked having intercourse with them, so we asked the Prophet (peace be upon him) about this. Then the verse was revealed: ‘Except those whom your right hands possess’ (al-Nisa 4:24).” This is the position of our school. According to Shafi‘i, however, the meaning is that such women become lawful because they have been taken from Dar al-Harab (enemy territory), whether they were captured with their husbands or without them. This is because, according to him, captivity itself terminates the marriage, rather than separation between the two territories. This is stated in al-Baydawi. This is a well-known difference discussed in the books of Islamic jurisprudence, and the author of al-Hidayah explains it in detail.

Note 1

قوله

(۱)قوله: أي فهن لهم حلال إلخ : يستدل بهذا الحديث على أن السبايا حلال من غير فرق بين ذوات الأزواج وغيرهن، وذلك مما لا خلاف فيه فيما أعلم، ولكن بعد مضي العدة المعتبرة شرعًا. قاله في نيل الأوطار». وقال في التفسيرات الأحمدية والمعنى: وحرّم عليكم ذوات الأزواج ما دامت ذوات الأزواج إلا ما ملكت أيمانكم، وليس معنى هذا الاستفسار أن ممكولة الأيمان حلال لصاحبها، وإن زوجها لرجل آخر، معاذ الله منه، بل المراد أن جميع ذوات الأزواج محرمة عليكم إلا ما ملكت أيمانكم بسبب الإخراج من دار الحرب بدون الأزواج، فهن حلال لكم وإن كان زوجها موجودًا في دار الحرب لوقوع الفرقة بتباين الدارين، فيحل للغانم بملك اليمين بعد الاستبراء، هكذا في «المدارك». ويدل على هذا المعنى ما ذكره في «الحسيني» وغيره من شأن نزوله وهو أن أبا سعيد الخدري قال: أصبنا ذات يوم السبايا الكثيرة، فكان لهن أزواج فكرهنا الجماع منهن فسألنا النبي ، فنزل قوله: ﴿إِلَّا مَا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَنُكُمْ (النساء: (٢٤)، وهذا عندنا. وعند الشافعي معناه إلا ما ملكت أيمانكم بسبب الإخراج من دار الحرب، سواء أخرجن مع أزواج أو بلا أزواج؛ لأن النكاح عنده يرتفع بالسبى دون بتاين الدارين. نص به في البيضاوي»، وهذا لاختلاف معروف في كتب الفقه، ذكره صاحب الهداية» بالتفصيل.

Hadith 3271a

Volume 2

English

Al-Bara ibn Azib (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: My maternal uncle, Abu Burdah ibn Niyar, passed by me carrying a banner. I asked him, “Where are you going?” He replied, “The Prophet (peace be upon him) has sent me to a man who married his father's wife, to bring back his head”. 1 In another narration recorded by Abu Dawud, Nasa’i, Ibn Majah and Darimi, the wording is: “He ordered me to strike his neck and take his property.” In this narration, the word “my paternal uncle” appears instead of “my maternal uncle”. Tahaawi narrated from Muawiyah ibn Qurrah, from his father, that the Prophet (peace be upon him) sent Muawiyah’s grandfather to a man who had consummated a marriage with his father's wife, ordering him to strike the man's neck and take one-fifth of his property. The author states that the Hadiths in this chapter support Imam Abu Hanifah's position and that there is no one who contradicts him, because the man was killed without the prescribed punishment for unlawful sexual intercourse being imposed on him.

Second printed occurrence of 3271 in volume 2; English supplied by Zujajah remaining Ahadith.docx. The typed Arabic prints this block separately.

Commentary and footnotes (2)

Note 1

To bring back his head

Regarding the statement, “To bring back his head”, the meaning is that, according to Abu Hanifah, a person who has intercourse with a woman who is permanently forbidden to him by kinship, such as his mother, maternal aunt or sister, after marrying her is not subject to the prescribed punishment for unlawful sexual intercourse. Sufyan al-Thawri also held this view, as recorded by Tahaawi in Sharh Ma‘ani al-Athar. According to Abu Yusuf and Muhammad, the two companions of Abu Hanifah, and the three other leading Imams, a person who has intercourse with a woman permanently forbidden to him by kinship after marrying her is subject to the prescribed punishment if he knows that the relationship is forbidden. The Khulasah states that this is the position on which the fatwa is based. However, the preferred position in the commentaries is the view of the Imam, so it is more appropriate to issue the fatwa according to it. Qasim stated in his book ‘al-Tashih wa al-Tarjih’ that Qahistani, quoting al-Mudmarat, reports that the fatwa follows the view of the two companions. A number of Shi‘a, along with some Sunnis who imitate them, have criticised Abu Hanifah over this issue. Some have spread the claim that, according to the Hanafi school, intercourse with permanently forbidden relatives and marrying them are lawful. Others have claimed that he contradicted authentic Hadiths. Such criticism from the Shi‘a is not surprising, for they have attacked people greater than Abu Hanifah, namely the Companions, without restraint. What is surprising is that people who imitate them in their cursing and criticism, and who belong to the Sunni community and even consider themselves followers of the Qur’an and Sunnah, have attacked the great Imam Abu Hanifah in this matter beyond all bounds. They have rejected his position in the harshest terms without understanding its underlying reasoning or carefully considering its evidence. I have written a treatise on this subject entitled al-Qawl al-Jazim bi-Suquṭ al-Hadd bi-Nikah al-Maharim (“The Decisive Statement on the Waiver of the Prescribed Punishment in the Case of Marriage to Permanently Forbidden Relatives”). In it, I have established his position through rational and transmitted evidence, supported his arguments with foundational principles, and answered the doubts raised by those who object, in a manner that refutes the obstinate. I have also discussed the relevant disagreements and subsidiary rulings, together with answers to the criticisms and objections. Anyone wishing to study the matter may consult this valuable treatise, which has no equal in its field of research. Let us now discuss some of the objections commonly circulated among ordinary people, together with their answers, as explained by the scholars. One objection is that waiving the prescribed punishment for intercourse with a permanently forbidden relative after marrying her necessarily means that the act is lawful and that the person who commits it bears no sin or blame. This objection is false in the view of every discerning person. The waiver of a prescribed punishment is one matter, while the lawfulness of an act is another. The fact that a prescribed punishment is waived does not make the act lawful. Indeed, prescribed punishments are averted when there are legal doubts, as established by reports and narrations transmitted by reliable authorities. For this reason, Abu Hanifah also ruled that a person who has intercourse with a permanently forbidden relative after marrying her is to receive a discretionary punishment and be disciplined severely, as explicitly stated in al-Hidayah and other works. Another objection is that, since the prescribed punishment is not imposed for intercourse with permanently forbidden relatives, no other punishment is required either. This is also false. A prescribed punishment does not mean every form of punitive consequence; rather, it refers to a punishment fixed by law as a right of Allah Almighty. Thus, saying that the prescribed punishment is waived in such a case means that the specific punishment prescribed for unlawful sexual intercourse—stoning or flogging—is not imposed because a legal doubt has arisen. It does not mean that all punishment is waived. Consider the consumption of blood, pork and similar forbidden things: although these are grave prohibitions, no prescribed punishment applies to them, yet discretionary punishment may still be imposed. A further objection is that Abu Hanifah contradicted the Qur’an in this matter because the Qur’an prohibits marriage to certain relatives and prescribes punishment for unlawful sexual intercourse. This objection is also rejected. Abu Hanifah did not declare intercourse with permanently forbidden relatives lawful, nor did he declare marriage to them lawful. Nor did he deny the prescribed punishment for unlawful sexual intercourse generally. Rather, he held that the prescribed punishment for unlawful sexual intercourse is waived when someone has intercourse with a permanently forbidden relative after marrying her, because the marriage creates a legal doubt concerning lawfulness, and prescribed punishments are averted where such doubts exist, as stated in the Prophet’s (peace be upon him) teachings. Nevertheless, he held that the ruler must impose a discretionary punishment appropriate to the offender's flagrant transgression. Another objection is that Abu Hanifah contradicted explicit Hadiths on this subject. Hakim recorded and graded authentic a report from Ibn Abbas, attributed to the Prophet (peace be upon him): “Whoever has intercourse with a permanently forbidden relative, kill him.” Tirmidhi also narrated a similar report through a weak chain, and Ibn Majah recorded it with the additional wording, “Whoever has intercourse with an animal, kill him and kill the animal.” Abd al-Razzaq, Ibn Abi Shaybah, Hakim, who graded it authentic, and Bayhaqi narrated from al-Bara that he said, “I met my uncle carrying a banner and asked him where he was going. He said, ‘The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) sent me to a man who had married his father's wife after his father's death and ordered me to strike his neck and take his property.’” Tahaawi, Abu Dawud and others also recorded a similar report. The answer is that the killing, beheading or confiscation of property mentioned in these reports is not the prescribed punishment for unlawful sexual intercourse. This is evident because the general and unrestricted wording of these reports would require the killing of everyone who has intercourse with a permanently forbidden relative, whereas stoning is unanimously restricted to a person who has previously been in a valid marriage. Some narrations also command killing a person merely for marrying a permanently forbidden relative, even though marriage itself is not classified as unlawful sexual intercourse by agreement. Other narrations command the confiscation of property, which is likewise not a prescribed punishment for unlawful sexual intercourse by agreement. The prescribed punishment for unlawful sexual intercourse is, by agreement, stoning or flogging, with or without banishment. The killing ordered in these Hadiths is plainly not flogging, nor is it stoning, since stoning does not consist of striking the neck and severing the head. In short, the action ordered by the Prophet (peace be upon him) was a form of discretionary punishment and public discipline. Abu Hanifah does not deny this. His position is only that the prescribed punishment for unlawful sexual intercourse is waived for a person who has married a permanently forbidden relative. He does not say that discretionary punishment is also waived. Rather, according to him, the ruler must impose an appropriate discretionary punishment on such a wicked offender, which may include confiscation of property, execution or another suitable measure, according to the gravity of his transgression and the ruler's judgement. If someone objects that intercourse with a permanently forbidden relative without marriage unanimously requires the prescribed punishment, so how can it fail to require that punishment after marriage, when the latter is an additional outrage, the answer is that this is not unreasonable. Intercourse without marriage involves no such legal doubt, whereas the marriage contract creates a doubt. If someone then argues that marriage to a permanently forbidden relative is unquestionably invalid, so how can it create a legal doubt, the answer is that there is no contradiction. A legal doubt is something that resembles a legally established state without actually being established. If someone says that this is a weak doubt, the response is that the Hadith, “Avert prescribed punishments when there are doubts”, does not distinguish between different kinds of doubt. Thus, even the weak doubt created by the existence of a marriage contract is relevant. A comparable case is reported by Malik, Shafi‘i and others: Umar ibn al-Khattab punished a man who married a woman during the waiting period following her previous husband's divorce. He also punished the woman and separated them. Although marriage during the waiting period is forbidden by an explicit Qur’anic ruling and is legally invalid, the contract nevertheless created a doubt, so Umar waived the prescribed punishment for unlawful sexual intercourse and punished them as a matter of public discipline. If someone asks that, were the marriage contract to create a legal doubt, the waiting period should become obligatory and the child's lineage should be established in such a marriage, the answer is that some of our scholars rejected the claim that the waiting period is not obligatory or that lineage cannot be established. They based this on the fact that the contract creates a doubt concerning the lawfulness of the relationship, and lineage is established where there is a doubt concerning the legal status of the relationship, as mentioned by al-Ayni and others. Even if we accept the view of some scholars that neither the waiting period is obligatory nor lineage is established, we would say that the obligation of the waiting period and the establishment of lineage depend on the relationship being lawful in some respect. In this case, there is no lawfulness whatsoever in the person himself, meaning the permanently forbidden relative. Here, lawfulness means that the person engaging in intercourse is in a position in which he would not be blameworthy for doing so. The waiver of the prescribed punishment, however, arises simply because a doubt has appeared through the existence of something that ordinarily makes intercourse lawful, namely a marriage contract, which is established for the purpose of making marital intimacy lawful, even if the doubt is weak. It is therefore clear that the prescribed punishment is waived because of the marriage contract, even if the person says that he knew the act was forbidden. This is explicitly stated in al-Hidayah. The discussion is found in Umdat al-Ri‘ayah, with additional material from al-Durr al-Mukhtar.

Note 1

قوله

(۱) قوله : آتية برأسه : أي لا يُحد من وطئ محرمة من محارمه كالأم والخالة والأخت بعد ما نكحها، هذا عند أبي حنيفة . وبه قال سفيان الثوري، كما أخرجه الطحاوي في شرح معاني الآثار»، وعندهما وعند الأئمة الثلاثة يُحد الواطي بالمحارم بعد النكاح إذا كان عالما بالحرمة، وعليه الفتوى خلاصة»، لكن المرجح في جميع الشروح قول الإمام فكان الفتوى عليه أولى. قال قاسم في تصحيحه: لكن في القهستاني» عن «المضمرات»: على قولهما الفتوى، وهذه المسألة قد طعن بها جمع من الشيعة ومن يتشبه بهم من أهل السنة على أبي حنيفة، وشهر بعضهم أن وطء المحارم ونكاحهن حلال عند الحنفية. ومنهم من قال: إنه خالف فيه الأحاديث الصحيحة، ولا عجب من الشيعة؛ فإنهم قد فعنوا من غير مبالاة على أكبر من أبي حنيفة يعني الصحابة، فما بالك بأبي حنيفة. إنما العجب ممن تشبه بهم في اللعن والطعن، وسكل مسلكهم في الهمز واللمز، وهم من أهل السنة، بل عدو أنفسهم من متبعي الكتاب والسنة، فطعنوا على الإمام الهمام أبي حنيفة في هذه المسألة طعنا تجاوزا عن الحد، وردوا عليه بأقبح الرد من غير فهم مداركه، والتأمل في دلائله، وقد الفت في هذه المسالة رسالة سميتهما القول الجازم بسقوط الحد بنكاح المحارم شيدت فيها مذهبه بالمعقول والمنقول، وأيدت فيها كلامه بالأصول ودفعت تشكيكات المشكيكين على وجه يقصم ظهور المتعنتين. وذكرت ما يتعلق بها من الخلاف والفروع مع الجواب عن المطاعن والجروح. فإن شئت الاطلاع فارجع غليها؛ فإنها نفيسة في بابها، لا نظير لها في أبحاثها ولنذكر نبذا من المطاعن المشهورة فيما بين العوام مع الجواب عنها، على ما تفيه الأعلام. فاعلم أن من جملة مطاعنهم أن إسقاط الحد بوطء المحارم بعد نكاحهن مستلزم؛ لحل هذا الفعل الشنيع وعدم لزوم إثم وملامة على مرتكب هذا القبيح. وهذا طعن باطل عند كل فاضل؛ فإن سقوط الحد أمر آخر، وحل الفعل أمر آخر، ولا يلزم من سقوط الحد في وطء حله. كيف فإن الحد يدرأ بالشبهات، على ما ثبت ذلك بالأخبار والآثار الثابتة برواية الثقات، ولذا حكم أبو حنيفة أيضًا في وطء المحارم بعد نكاحهن بأنه يعزر ، ويوجع عقوبة، كما صرح به في «الهداية» وغيرها. ومنها قولهم: لما لم يجب الحد بوطء المحارم دل ذلك على أنه لا يجب فيه شيء من العقوبة، وهذا قول باطل، فإن الحد ليس عبارة عن كل جزاء عقوبة، بل هو عبارة عن عقوبة مقدرة تجب حقا لله تعالى. فمعنى قولهم: يسقط الحد بوطء على كذا وكذا أنه لا يجب عليه الجزاء المقدر للزاني، وهو الرجم أو الجلد؛ العروض شبهة أسقطته، لا أنه لا يجب شيء من العقوبة ألا ترى إلى أن شرب الدم وأكل الخنزير ونحوهما من المحرمات مع كونها أشد من الزنا لا حد فيها مع وجوب التعزير فيها. ومنها أن أبا حنيفة خالف كتاب الله في هذه المسألة؛ فإن الكتاب حكم بحرمة نكاح المحرمات وحكم بوجوب الحد وعلى من زنى، وهو طعن مردود؛ لأن أبا حنيفة لم يقل بحل وطء المحارم أو بحل نكاحهن، ولم يقل بعدم وجوب الحد على الزاني حتى يكون مخالفًا لكتاب الله، بل قال بسقوط حد الزنا عن واطئ المحارم بعد نكاحهن؛ لكون النكاح شبهة في الحل والحدود تدرأ بالشبهات بنص النبي ، ومع ذلك قال بوجوب التعزير حسب ما يراه الإمام على ذلك التمرد الخبيث الذي يطأ محارمه بعد النكاح. ومنها قولهم: إن أبا حنيفة خالف في هذا الباب الأحاديث الصريحة. فأخرج الحاكم وصححه من حديث ابن عباس مرفوعا: من وقع على ذات محرم فاقتلوه، ومثله رواه الترمذي بسند ضعيف وابن ماجه مع زيادة ومن وقع على بهيمة فاقتلوه واقتلوا البهيمة، وأخرج عبد الرزاق وابن أبي شيبة والحاكم وصححه والبيهقي عن البراء: قال: لقبت خالي ومعه الراية، فقلت: أين تريد؟ فقال: بعثني رسول الله الله إلى رجل تزوج امرأة أبيه من بعده، فأمرني أن أضرب عنقه وآخذ ماله. ومثله أخرجه الطحاوي وأبو داود وغيرهما، والجواب عنه: أن القتل أو ضرب العنق أو أخذ المال المذكور في هذه الروايات ليس حدا للزنا، يَدلُّ عليه أنها تدل بعمومه وإطلاقها على وجوب قتل كل من وقع على محرم مع أن الرجم مختص بالمحصن إجماعًا، وأيضًا ورد في بعض الروايات القتل بتزوج ذات محرم مع أن التزوج ليس بزنا اتفاقا. وأيضًا ورد في بعضها الأمر بأخذ المال، وهو ليس جزاءًا للزنا اتفاقا. وأيضا حد الزنا إنما هو الرجم والجلد مع التغريب أو بدونه اتفاقا. والقتل المأمور به في هذه الأحاديث هو غير الجلد، وهو ظاهر، وغير الرجم؛ لأن الرجم لا يكون بضرب العنق وقطع الرأس. وبالجملة فهذا الذي أمره به النبي ﷺ إنما هو تعزير وسياسة وهذا مما لا ينكره أبو حنيفة، إنما يقول بسقوط حد الزنا عمن نكح بمحرم، ولا لعدم وجوب تعزير عليه، بل يجب عنده على الإمام أن يقيم على مثل هذا الخبيث تعزيرا حسب ما يراه على حسب تمرده بأخذ المال أو ضرب العنق أو نحو ذلك. فإن قلت: الوطء بالمحارم بدون النكاح موجب للحد اتفاقا، فكيف لا يوجبه بعد النكاح، وهو شناعة أخرى. قلت: هذا ليس بمستبعد عند والعقل؛ فإن الوطء بدون النكاح لا شبهة فيه، والنكاح يورث شبهة. فإن قلت: النكاح بالمحارم فاسد قطعا، فكيف يورث شبهة ؟ قلت: لا استبعاد في ذلك؛ فإن الشبهة عبارة عما يشبه الثابت، فليس بثابت. فإن قلت: هذه شبهة ركيكة ؟ قلت: هب ولكن حديث: ادرؤوا الحدود بالشبهات لم يفرق بين شبهة وشبهة، فشبهة كونه منكوحة وإن كات ضعيفة. ونظيره ما روى مالك والشافعي وغيرهما أن عمر بن الخطاب ضرب الذي نكح امرأة في عدتها من طلاق زوجها الأول، وضربها أيضًا، وفرق بينهما مع أن النكاح في العدة حرام بنص الكتاب وفاسد شرعًا، لكن لما أورث ذلك شبهة أسقط عمر بن الخطاب عنهما حد الزنا وضربهما سياسة. فإن قلت: لو كانت الشبهة بالعقد ثابتة لوجبت العدة، وثبت النسب في نكاح المحارم؟ قلت: منع بعض أصحابنا عدم وجوب العدة وعدم ثبوت النسب بناءً على أن العقد يورث شبهة في حل المحل، وفي شبهة المحل يثبت النسب، كما ذكره العيني وغيره. ولو سلم عدم وجوب العدة وعدم ثبوت النسب، كما هو رأي بعض المشايخ. نقول: مبنى وجوب العدة وثبوت النسب على ثبوت حل المحل، ولو من وجه، وههنا لا حل للمحل : أي المحارم أصلا، والمراد بالحل أن يكون الواطئ على حال لا يلام بالوطء. وأما سقوط الحد فهو لمجرد عروض شبهة بوجود ما يحلل الوطء، وهو النكاحالموضوع الحل الاستمتاع، ولو كانت شبهة ركيكة. وبهذا يعلم أن الحد يسقط بالنكاح مطلقا، وإن قال: علمت أنه حرام. صرح به في «الهداية». كذا في عمدة الرعاية مع زيادة من الدر المختار».

Hadith 3272a

Volume 2

English

Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated that Ghaylan 1 ibn Salamah al-Thaqafi embraced Islam while he had ten wives from the pre-Islamic period, and they embraced Islam along with him. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, “Keep four and separate from the rest”. Tahaawi narrated from Qatadah, who said, “He should keep the first, second, third and fourth.” This was the view of Ibrahim Nakha‘i (may Allah have mercy on him).

Second printed occurrence of 3272 in volume 2; English supplied by Zujajah remaining Ahadith.docx. The typed Arabic prints this block separately.

Commentary and footnotes (2)

Note 1

Ghaylan ibn Salamah al-Thaqafi embraced Islam while he had ten wives from the pre-Islamic period

Regarding the statement, “Ghaylan ibn Salamah al-Thaqafi embraced Islam while he had ten wives from the pre-Islamic period”, al-Durr al-Mukhtar states: “If a non-Muslim embraces Islam while married to five or more women, or to two sisters, or to a woman and her daughter, their marriages become invalid, even if he married them through a single contract. If he married them in a particular order, the last marriage is invalid. Muhammad and Shafi‘i gave him the choice, acting upon the hadith concerning Fayruz.” We say that the choice given to him concerned marrying after separation, that is, entering into a new marriage contract. Ibn al-Humam said that the view of Muhammad is more sound. This is stated in al-Durr al-Mukhtar and al-Mirqat. There is further detail on this issue, the full discussion of which belongs in Radd al-Muhtar. In al-Urf al-Shadhi, it is stated that the schools of Shafi‘i, Ahmad, Malik and Muhammad hold that a man is given the choice to select whichever of his wives he wishes. Abu Yusuf and Abu Hanifah hold that he must select the woman whom he married first. The majority rely on the hadiths in this chapter, while the two leading scholars responded as Tahaawi did. The substance of their argument is that non-Muslims are also subject to the practical rulings of religion, including those concerning marriage. As for the issue mentioned by the two leading scholars, it applies to marriages contracted after the prohibition of having more than two, three or four wives had been revealed. Marriages contracted before the religious law established this ruling were valid. Therefore, when such a man embraces Islam, his marriages remain valid, and he may choose whichever wives he wishes. In summary, the disagreement concerns marriages contracted after the prohibition was revealed. As for marriages contracted before the religious law was established, they are not altered. This is the end of the quotation. In Nayl al-Awtar, it states that this provides evidence that the marriage contracts of non-Muslims are considered valid, even if they do not conform to Islam. When they embrace Islam, the rulings governing Muslim marriages are applied to them. This was the view of Malik, Shafi‘i, Ahmad and Dawud. The Prophet’s family and descendants, Abu Hanifah, Abu Yusuf, Thawri, Awza‘i, Zuhri and one of the two views attributed to Shafi‘i held that only those marriages of non-Muslims that conform to Islam are recognised. According to them, if a non-Muslim embraces Islam while married to two sisters, he must separate from the sister whose marriage contract was concluded later. Likewise, if he has more than four wives, he must keep those whose marriage contracts were concluded earlier and separate from those whose contracts came later, where applicable, such as the fifth wife. If the marriage contracts with two sisters, or with more than four women, were concluded simultaneously, the contracts are invalid. He may then choose which of the two sisters to keep and which to release, or select four of his wives to retain and separate from the remainder.

Note 1

قوله

(۱)قوله: إن غيلان بن سلمة الثقفي أسلم وله عشر نسوة في الجاهلية إلخ : وقال في الدر المختار»: أسلم الكافر وتحته خمس نسوة فصاعدًا أو أختان أو أم وبنتها بطل نكاحهن، وإن تزوجهن بعقد واحد. فإن رتب فالآخر باطل، وخيره محمد والشافعي عملا بحديث فيروز. قلنا : كان تخييره في التزوج بعد الفرقة أي التزوج بعقد جديد. وقال ابن الهمام والأوجه قول محمد. كذا في الدر المختار» و «المرقاة»، وفي المقام تفصيل آخر، موضع بسطه هو رد المحتار». وقال في العرف الشذي مذهب الشافعي وأحمد ومالك ومحمد أن الرجل يخير يختار أيتهن شاء. وقال أبو يوسف وأبو حنيفة: إنه يختار أولهن نكاحا، تمسك الجمهور بأحاديث الباب، وأجاب الشيخان بما أجاب الطحاوي. وحاصله : أن الكفار مخاطبون بالفروع مثل النكاح. وأما المسألة التي ذكر الشيخان تكون في الأنكحة التي تنعقد بعد ورود النهي عن الزائد على مثنى وثلاث ورباع، وأما الأنكحة التي قبل ورود الشريعة بهذه المسألة فكانت صحيحة، فإذا أسلم فأنكحته صحيحة، ويختار أيتهن شاء، فالحاصل أن الخلاف في الأنكحة التي بعد ورود النهي، وأما ما مضى قبل ورود الشريعة فلا تبديل فيها، انتهى. وقال في نيل الأوطار فيه دليل على أنه يحكم لعقود الكفار بالصحة وإن لم توفق الإسلام، فإذا أسلموا أجرينا عليهم في الأنكحة أحكام المسلمين، وقد ذهب إلى هذا مالك والشافعي وأحمد وداود، وذهبت العترة وأبو حنيفة وأبو يوسف والثوري والوزاعي والزهري وأحد قولي الشافعي إلى أنه لا يقر من أنكحة الكفار إلا ما وافق الإسلام، فيقولون: إذا أسلم الكافر وتحته أختان وجب عليه إرسال من تأخر عقدها، وكذلك إذا كان تحته أكثر من خمس، أمسك من تقدم العقد عليها منهن، وأرسل من تأخر عقدها إذا كانت خامسة أو نحو ذلك، وإذا وقع العقد على الأختين أو على أكثر من أربع مرَّةً واحدةً بطل، وأمسك من شاء من الأختين وأرسل من شاء، وأمسك أربعا من الزوجات يختارهن ويرسل الباقيات.

Hadith 3273a

Volume 2

English

Nawfal ibn Mu‘awiyah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: “I embraced Islam while I had five wives. I asked the Prophet (peace be upon him) about this, and he said, ‘Separate from one and keep four.’ I therefore chose the wife who had been with me the longest. She had been barren for sixty years, so I separated from her”.

Second printed occurrence of 3273 in volume 2; English supplied by Zujajah remaining Ahadith.docx. The typed Arabic prints this block separately.

Hadith 3274a

Volume 2

English

Al-Dahhak ibn Fayruz Daylami narrated from his father (may Allah be pleased with him), who said: “I said, ‘O Messenger of Allah, I have embraced Islam while married to two sisters.’ He said, ‘Choose whichever of the two you wish’”.

Second printed occurrence of 3274 in volume 2; English supplied by Zujajah remaining Ahadith.docx. The typed Arabic prints this block separately.

Hadith 3275a

Volume 2

English

Dawud ibn Kurdus said: “A Christian man from our people, the Banu Taghlib, was married to a Christian woman. She embraced Islam and brought their case before Umar. He 1 said to the man, ‘Embrace Islam; otherwise, I shall separate the two of you.’ The man replied, ‘I did not embrace Islam because I was embarrassed that the Arabs might say I had embraced Islam for the sake of having sexual relations with a woman.’ Dawud said: Umar then separated them”.

Second printed occurrence of 3275 in volume 2; English supplied by Zujajah remaining Ahadith.docx. The typed Arabic prints this block separately.

[Narrated by Tahaawi]

[Narrated by Tahaawi]

Commentary and footnotes (2)

Note 1

He said to him, ‘Embrace Islam,’

Regarding the statement, “He said to him, ‘Embrace Islam,’” and so on, al-Kanz and its commentary by al-Ayni state: “According to our school, if one of the spouses embraces Islam, the other is invited to embrace Islam. If the other embraces Islam, they remain together; otherwise, they are separated.” Shafi‘i said that a person who persists in disbelief should not be invited to embrace Islam, because this would expose them to harm. However, the marriage bond before consummation is not firmly established, so it ends as soon as one spouse embraces Islam. After consummation, the bond is firmly established, so the other spouse is given until the end of three menstrual cycles. Our evidence is that Umar ibn al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) separated a Christian man and a Christian woman because the man refused to embrace Islam. This was narrated by Tahaawi and by Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi in al-Aridah, his commentary on Sunan al-Tirmidhi. Their ruling was known among them, and no disagreement concerning it has been transmitted to us; therefore, it constituted a consensus. This is the end of the quotation. In summary, Abu Hanifah held that separation between the spouses occurs through any one of three things: the expiry of the waiting period; inviting the other spouse to embrace Islam and their refusal; or either spouse moving from the Muslim territory to the territory of war, or vice versa. According to him, the ruling is the same whether one spouse embraces Islam before or after consummation. This is stated in al-Mirqat.

Note 1

قوله

(۱)قوله: فقال له أسلم إلخ لذلك قال في «الكنز» وشرحه للعيني ولو أسلم أحد الزوجين عرض الإسلام على الآخر عندنا، فإن أسلم وإلا فرق بينهما. وقال الشافعي: لا يعرض على المصر الإسلام؛ لأن فيه تعريضا لهم، إلا أن ملك النكاح قبل الدخول غير متأكد، فينقطع بنفس الإسلام، وبعده متأكد فيؤجل إلى انقضاء ثلاث حيض. ولنا أن عمر بن الخطاب الله فرق بين نصراني ونصرانية بإبائه عن الإسلام، رواه الطحاوي وأبو بكر بن العربي في «العارضة» أي شرح الترمذي. وظهر حكمهم بينهم، ولم ينقل إلينا خلافه، فكان إجماعا ، انتهى. حاصله: أن أبا حنيفة قال: تحصل الفرقة بينهما بأحد ثلاثة أمور : انقضاء العدة أو عرض الإسلام على الآخر مع الامتناع عنه أو بنقل أحدهما من دار الإسلام إلى دار الحرب أو بالعكس، وسواء عنده الإسلام قبل الدخول أو بعده. كذا في «المرقاة».

Hadith 3276a

Volume 2

English

Amr ibn Shu‘ayb, from his father, from his grandfather (may Allah be pleased with him), narrated that the Prophet (ﷺ) returned his daughter Zaynab to Abu al-‘As ibn ar-Rabi‘ with a new marriage contract. Narrated by Tirmidhi, and in it is Hajjaj, who has been deemed trustworthy by narrators, to the extent that Muslim included his narrations. In a narration by As-Sahawi from him (may Allah be pleased with him), the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) returned Zaynab to Abu al-‘As with a new marriage contract. Ibn Majah and Ahmad narrated similarly, and it serves as evidence that separation 1 occurs due to the difference in abodes, supported by the saying of Allah, the Exalted: “If you know them to be believers, do not return them to the disbelievers. They are not lawful for them, nor are they lawful for them” [Al-Mumtahanah: 10]. In the Hadith of Ibn Abbas: When one of them migrated and the other remained in the abode of war, we acknowledge that they are truly separated by abode, but we do not concede that they are separated in ruling. For when both embraced Islam in the abode of war and one of them migrated, the other is not resolved to remain in the abode of war but intends to migrate, so he is considered in the abode of Islam in ruling. Thus, neither is separated from the other because, in our view, separation of abodes in reality and ruling necessitates dissolution. As for Safwan ibn Umayyah, his wife remained with him, possibly under the original marriage or a renewed one, so it is not suitable for evidence due to the lack 2 of indication of the occurrence of separation of abodes. As for 3 ‘Ikrimah, he only fled to the coast, which is within the boundaries of Makkah, so their abodes did not differ.
Possible references (unverified, pending editorial review)
  • Candidate: Jami al-Tirmidhi 1142 (unverified) 88% confidence

Confidence and text similarity are not editorial verification.

Commentary and footnotes (9)

Note 1

That separation occurs due to the difference in abodes

(1) The statement: “That separation occurs due to the difference in abodes”: Meaning, the difference in abodes is the cause of separation according to us. Ash-Shafi‘i said: The cause of separation is captivity, not the difference in abodes. The reasoning is that the difference in abodes disrupts mutual benefits, interrupting the marriage, while captivity entails ownership of the person, which does not inherently conflict with marriage initially, as when a man marries his slave woman to another, and likewise in continuation. If you say: It is reported that Zaynab, the daughter of the Prophet, migrated from Makkah to Madinah, leaving her husband Abu al-‘As ibn ar-Rabi‘ in Makkah. When he embraced Islam and arrived in Madinah, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) returned her to him under the original marriage. If the difference in abodes necessitated separation, this would not have been valid, and this is why Ash-Shafi‘i relied on it to say that the difference does not cause separation. I say: It is authentically reported in Jami‘ Tirmidhi, Sunan Ibn Majah, Musnad Ahmad, and others that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) returned her to him with a new marriage contract. The meaning of what is narrated as “the original marriage” is that he returned her to him with a marriage like the original, without adding anything to the dowry or otherwise. If you say: The saying of Allah, the Exalted, regarding prohibited women: “And married women” [An-Nisa: 24], meaning those with husbands, “except those your right hands possess” [An-Nisa: 24], indicates by its generality that captivity causes separation, as Ash-Shafi‘i held. I say: It is interpreted as applying when only the woman is taken captive, as separation then occurs due to the difference in abodes in ruling. Thus, if one of the spouses comes to us from the abode of war as a Muslim, separation occurs between them according to us, but not according to Ash-Shafi‘i. If one of the belligerent spouses is taken captive and brought to the abode of Islam, separation occurs between them by consensus—due to the difference in abodes according to us, and captivity according to Ash-Shafi‘i. If both are taken captive together, no separation occurs according to us, but it does according to Ash-Shafi‘i. As stated in Umdat ar-Ri‘ayah with additions from Al-‘Ayni.

Note 2

Due to the lack of indication of the occurrence of separation of abodes

(2) The statement: “Due to the lack of indication of the occurrence of separation of abodes”: In Al-Jawhar an-Naqi, it is said: As for Safwan, ‘Umayr ibn Wahb caught up with him as he intended to board a ship, and he brought him back. Al-Quduri mentioned in At-Tajrid from Al-Waqidi that he caught up with him at the port of ships for the people of Makkah, from where the Muslims embarked for the migration to Abyssinia, and from where Quraysh built the ship used to roof the Ka‘bah. This place is an extension of Makkah and under its ruling, so there was no difference in abode between him and his wife.

Note 3

As for ‘Ikrimah, etc.

(3) The statement: “As for ‘Ikrimah, etc.”: Thus said Ibn Lahi‘ah.

Note 1

قوله

(۱) قوله : أن الفرقة تقع باختلاف الدارين وهو أعني تباين الدارين سبب الفرقة عندنا. وقال الشافعي: سبب الفرقة هو السبي دون تباين الدارين، والوجوه فيه أن بالتباين في الدارين لا تنتظم المصالح، فينقطع الناكح والسبي ويوجب ملك الرقبة، وهو لا ينافي النكاح ابتداء كما إذا زوج أمته لغيره، فكذلك بقاء. فإن قلت: قد ورد أن زينب بنت النبي هاجرت من مكة إلى المدينة وخلفت زوجها أبا العاص بن الربيع بمكة. فلما أسلم ووصل إلى المدينة ردها رسول الله عليه بالنكاح الأول، فلو كان تباين الدارين موجبا للفرقة لما أصح ذلك، ولهذا استند الشافعي في أن التباين لا يوجب الفرقة. قلت: قد صح في جامع الترمذي» و «سنن ابن ماجه» و «مسند أحمد» وغيرها أنه ردها رسول الله ﷺ عليه بنكاح جديد ومعنى ما روي بالنكاح الأولى أنه ردَّها عليه بمثل النكاح الأول، ولم يحدث شيئا من زيادة في المهر وغيرها. فإن قلت: قوله تعالى عند ذكر المحرمات: ﴿وَالْمُحْصَنَتُ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ ) (النساء: ٢٤) أي ذوات الأوزاج إِلَّا مَا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُكُمْ (النساء: (٢٤) يَدُلُّ بإطلاقه على السبي، يوجب الفرقة كما قال به الشافعي. قلت: هو محمول على ما إذا سبيت المرأة فقط؛ فإنه حينئذ يقع الفرقة لوجود تباين الدارين حكما، فإذا خرج أحد الزوجين إلينا من دار الحرب مسلما، وقعت الفرقة بينهما عندنا، وعند الشافعي لا تقع، ولو سبي أحد الزوجين الحربيتين، وجيء إلى دار الإسلام تقع الفرقة بينهما اتفاقا؛ لتباين الدارين عندنا، والسبي عند الشافعي، وإن سبيا معا لم تقع الفرقة بينهما عندنا، وعند الشافعي تقع. كذا في «عمدة الرعاية» مع زيادة من «العيني».

Note 2

قوله

(۲)قوله: مع عدم الدلالة على حصول تباين الدارين وقال في الجوهر النقي: وأما صفوان فإن عمير بن وهب أدركه، وهو يريد أن يكركب البحر، فرجع به، وذكر القدوري في التجريد عن الواقدي: أنه أدركه بمرقاء السفن لأهل مكة، ومنه ركب المسلمون في الهجرة إلى الحبشةن ومنه أحدث قريش السفية التي سقفت بها الكعبة، وهذا الموضع من توابع مكة وفي حكمها، فلم يختلف به وبزوجه الدار.

Note 3

قوله

(۳) قوله: وأما عكرمة إلخ : كذا قال ابن لهيعة.

Note 1

کی روایت ترمذی نے کی ہے۔ اور اس حدیث کی سند میں حجاج بن ارطاۃ کوفی ہیں جن کو محدثین نے نقد قرار دیا ہے یہاں تک کہ امام مسلم نے بھی ان سے حدیث روایت کی ہے۔

Note 2

طرح روایت کی ہے۔ اس حدیث شریف میں اس بات کی دلیل ہے کہ (میاں بیوی میں) جدائی اختلاف دارین یعنی دارالاسلام اور دارالحرب کی وجہ سے واقع ہو جاتی ہے اور اس کی تائید اللہ تعالیٰ کے اس قول (پ:28، سورۃ ممتحنہ، ع:2، آیت نمبر:10) سے ہوتی ہے: ”فَإِنْ عَلِمْتُمُوهُنَّ مُؤْمِنٰتٍ فَلَا تَرْجِعُوهُنَّ إِلَى الْكُفَّارِ، لَا هُنَّ حِلٌّ لَّهُمْ وَلَا هُمْ يَحِلُّونَ لَهُنَّ“۔ (پھر اگر یہ تمہیں ایمان والیاں معلوم ہوں تو انہیں کافروں کو واپس نہ دو نہ یہ (مسلمان عورتیں) ان کو حلال اور نہ وہ (کافر مرد) ان کیلئے حلال ہیں۔

Note 3

کرتے ہیں کہ ان دونوں میں فی الحقیقۃ اختلاف دارین واقع ہو گیا لیکن، ہم اس بات کو تسلیم نہیں کرتے کہ ان پر حکم کے اعتبار سے بھی اختلاف دارین واقع ہو گا اس لئے کہ میاں بیوی دونوں نے دارالحرب میں اسلام قبول کر لیا اور ان میں سے ایک نے ہجرت کر لی تو دوسرا جو دارالحرب میں ہے حکم کے اعتبار سے دارالاسلام ہی میں ہے اس لئے ان دونوں پر اس صورت میں اختلاف دارین کا حکم صحیح نہیں اسی وجہ سے ہمارا مذہب یہ ہے کہ اختلاف دارین حقیقت کے اعتبار سے اور حکم کے اعتبار سے جدائی اور تفریق کا سبب ہوتا ہے۔ اب رہا صفوان بن امیہ کی بیوی اسلام لا چکی تھیں اور صفوان فتح مکہ کے بعد یمن جانے کے لئے بھاگ نکلے لیکن عمیر بن وہب نے ان کو پا لیا اور رسول اللہ صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہ وسلم کے امن دینے کا پیام دیا یہ حاضر خدمت ہوئے اور غزوۂ حنین کے بعد اسلام لائے اور ان کی بیوی نکاح اول ہی پر ان کے عقد میں رہیں اس لئے کہ اختلاف دارین واقع نہیں ہوا، اور حضرت عکرمہ بھی (فتح مکہ کے بعد) بھاگ کھڑے ہوئے لیکن ان کی بیوی حضور صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہ وسلم سے امان لے کر ان کو واپس لائیں اور انہوں نے اسلام قبول کر لیا اور ان کی بیوی بھی نکاح اول ہی پر ان کے عقد میں رہیں اس لئے کہ یہاں بھی اختلاف دارین واقع نہیں ہوا، اس لئے کہ یہ بھی حدود مکہ ہی میں تھے۔